Artificial intelligence (nonfiction)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software (nonfiction).

Description

It is also the name of the academic field of study which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.

Major AI researchers and textbooks define this field as "the study and design of intelligent agents", in which an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.

John McCarthy (nonfiction), who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".

AI research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.

Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers.

AI research is also divided by several technical issues.

Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of particular applications.

Central problems

The central problems (or goals) of AI research include:

• Automated reasoning (nonfiction)
• Knowledge
• Planning
• Learning (nonfiction)
• Natural language processing (communication)
• Perception
• The ability to move and manipulate objects

General intelligence is still among the field's long-term goals.

Approaches

Currently popular approaches include:

• Statistical methods (nonfiction)
• Computational intelligence (nonfiction)
• Symbolic AI (nonfiction)

Tools

There are a large number of tools used in AI, including:

• Search (nonfiction) and mathematical optimization (nonfiction)
• Logic (nonfiction) methods based on probability (nonfiction) and economics (nonfiction)

Interdisciplinary

The AI field is interdisciplinary, in which a number of sciences and professions converge, including:

• Computer science (nonfiction)
• Mathematics (nonfiction)
• Psychology (nonfiction)
• Linguistics (nonfiction)
• Philosophy (nonfiction)
• Neuroscience (nonfiction)
• Artificial psychology (nonfiction)

The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence -- the sapience of Homo sapiens -- "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it."

This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy (nonfiction) since antiquity.

Ethical concerns

Artificial intelligence has:

• Been the subject of tremendous optimism
  • But has also suffered stunning setbacks
• Been the subject of fear (see, for example: HAL 9000 (nonfiction), Y2K (nonfiction), The Matrix (nonfiction))
  • But these fears are not matched by actual experience.

Technology industry

Today it has become an essential part of the technology industry (nonfiction), providing the heavy lifting for many of the most challenging problems in computer science (nonfiction).

See also

• Automated reasoning (nonfiction)
• Computer science (nonfiction)
• Game engine (nonfiction)
• Genetic algorithm (nonfiction)
• John McCarthy (computer scientist) (nonfiction)
• Learning (nonfiction)
• Pattern recognition (nonfiction)
• Three is the Color of My True Love's Hair (nonfiction)

Fiction cross-reference

• Artificial intelligence
• Gnomon algorithm
• Karl Jones
• Mathematics
• Napolean Bonaparte
• Three is the Color of My True Love's Hair

External links

General

• Artificial intelligence @ Wikipedia
• Artificial intelligence @ Wikipedia

News

• How sports and movie commentaries can speed up the development of artificial intelligence