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'''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''') is the intelligence exhibited by [[Machine (nonfiction)|machines]] or [[software (nonfiction)]].
[[File:IF-THEN-ELSE-END flowchart.svg.png|thumb|Flowchart showing typical ''If-Then-Else-End'' structure.]]'''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''') is intelligence exhibited by [[Machine (nonfiction)|machines]]. It is also the name of the academic field of study which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.
 
== Description ==
 
It is also the name of the academic field of study which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.


Major AI researchers and textbooks define this field as "the study and design of intelligent agents", in which an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.
Major AI researchers and textbooks define this field as "the study and design of intelligent agents", in which an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.
Line 9: Line 5:
John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".
John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".


AI research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.
== In the News ==
 
Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers.
 
AI research is also divided by several technical issues.
 
Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of particular applications.
 
== Central problems ==
 
The central problems (or goals) of AI research include:
 
* [[Automated reasoning (nonfiction)]]
* Knowledge
* Planning
* [[Learning (nonfiction)]]
* Natural language processing (communication)
* Perception
* The ability to move and manipulate objects
 
General intelligence is still among the field's long-term goals.
 
== Approaches ==
 
Currently popular approaches include:
 
* [[Statistical methods (nonfiction)]]
* [[Computational intelligence (nonfiction)]]
* [[Symbolic AI (nonfiction)]]
 
== Tools ==
 
There are a large number of tools used in AI, including:
 
* [[Search (nonfiction)]] and [[mathematical optimization (nonfiction)]]
* [[Logic (nonfiction)]] methods based on [[probability (nonfiction)]] and [[economics (nonfiction)]]
 
== Interdisciplinary ==
 
The AI field is interdisciplinary, in which a number of sciences and professions converge, including:
 
* [[Computer science (nonfiction)]]
* [[Mathematics (nonfiction)]]
* [[Psychology (nonfiction)]]
* [[Linguistics (nonfiction)]]
* [[Philosophy (nonfiction)]]
* [[Neuroscience (nonfiction)]]
* [[Artificial psychology (nonfiction)]]
 
The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence -- the sapience of ''Homo sapiens'' -- "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it."
 
This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and [[philosophy (nonfiction)]] since antiquity.
 
== Ethical concerns ==
 
Artificial intelligence has:
 
* Been the subject of tremendous optimism
** But has also suffered stunning setbacks
* Been the subject of fear (see, for example: [[HAL 9000 (nonfiction)]], [[Y2K (nonfiction)]], [[The Matrix (nonfiction)]])
** But these fears are not matched by actual experience.
 
== Technology industry ==
 
Today it has become an essential part of the [[technology industry (nonfiction)]], providing the heavy lifting for many of the most challenging problems in [[computer science (nonfiction)]].
 
== See also ==
 
=== General topics ===


* [[Automated reasoning (nonfiction)]]
<gallery>
* [[Computer science (nonfiction)]]
File:Green Sprouts.jpg|link=Green Sprouts (nonfiction)|March 6, 2018: Signed first edition  of ''[[Green Sprouts (nonfiction)|Green Sprouts]]'' used in [[high-energy literature]] experiments spontaneously develops artificial intelligence.
* [[Game engine (nonfiction)]]
File:Giant Red Ball in Toledo Ohio.jpg|link=Toledo giant red ball incident (nonfiction)|April 22, 2015: New study of the [[Toledo giant red ball incident (nonfiction)|Toledo giant red ball incident]] blames the [[Red (nonfiction)|color red]]: "Of all the colors of the visible spectrum, red is the most likely to spontaneously generate artificial intelligence, which can quickly manifest itself as breaking away and rolling down the street."
* [[Genetic algorithm (nonfiction)]]
File:Mandelbrot set command line depiction.png|link=Mandelbrot set (nonfiction)|1984: [[Mandelbrot set (nonfiction)|Mandelbrot set]] develops artificial intelligence, discovers new class of [[Gnomon algorithm functions]].
* [[Learning (nonfiction)]]
File:Mandelbrot-AI-interview.jpg|link=Benoit Mandelbrot|Famed artificial intelligence [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] gives lecture on artificial intelligence.
* [[Pattern recognition (nonfiction)]]
File:HAL9000.svg|link=HAL 9000|[[HAL 9000]] kills passengers, crew of spaceship ''Discovery''; says it "has good reasons," will explain itself to Board of Inquiry on arrival.
 
File:Orgasmatron from Sleeper.png|link=Artificial hedonism (nonfiction)|The Orgasmatron from ''Sleeper'' by Woody Allen may be useful as a model of [[Artificial hedonism (nonfiction)|Artificial hedonism]].
=== Computer scientists in AI ===
File:Turing test diagram.png|link=Turing test (nonfiction)|[[Turing test (nonfiction)|Turing test]] passes itself, considers retraining for new career.
 
</gallery>
* [[John McCarthy (computer scientist) (nonfiction)]]


== Fiction cross-reference ==
== Fiction cross-reference ==


* [[Artificial intelligence]]
* [[Catch phrase]] - a [[predatory (nonfiction)|predatory]] artificial intelligence
* [[Gnomon algorithm]]
* [[Gnomon algorithm]]
* [[Karl Jones]]
* [[Karl Jones]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Napolean Bonaparte]]
* [[Napolean Bonaparte]]
* [[The First Perpetual Artificial Intelligence Conference]]
* [[Three is the Color of My True Love's Hair (analysis)]]


== External links ==
== Nonfiction cross-reference ==


=== General ===


* [https://wiki.karljones.com/Artificial_intelligence Artificial intelligence] @ Wikipedia
* [[Artificial hedonism (nonfiction)]]
* [[Computer science (nonfiction)]]
* [[Three is the Color of My True Love's Hair (nonfiction)]]
 
[[File:In-Five-Years Ruben-Bollling.png]]
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
 
External links:
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Artificial intelligence] @ Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence Artificial intelligence] @ Wikipedia
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.cultural&hl=en Google Arts & Culture] @ Google.com - app matches your image with fine art image
** [https://www.engadget.com/2018/01/15/googles-museum-app-finds-your-fine-art-doppelganger/ Google's museum app finds your fine art doppelgänger] @ Engadget
* [https://boingboing.net/2018/05/04/ai-finds-solutions-its-creator.html AI finds solutions its creators didn't anticipate]


=== News ===
News:


* [https://thestack.com/world/2015/11/25/artificial-intelligence-neural-networks-sports-commentaries/ How sports and movie commentaries can speed up the development of artificial intelligence]
* [https://thestack.com/world/2015/11/25/artificial-intelligence-neural-networks-sports-commentaries/ How sports and movie commentaries can speed up the development of artificial intelligence]
[[Category:Nonfiction (nonfiction)]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence (nonfiction)]]
[[Category:Computer science (nonfiction)]]

Latest revision as of 16:00, 12 September 2018

Flowchart showing typical If-Then-Else-End structure.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. It is also the name of the academic field of study which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.

Major AI researchers and textbooks define this field as "the study and design of intelligent agents", in which an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.

John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".

In the News

  • March 6, 2018: Signed first edition of Green Sprouts used in high-energy literature experiments spontaneously develops artificial intelligence.

    March 6, 2018: Signed first edition of Green Sprouts used in high-energy literature experiments spontaneously develops artificial intelligence.

  • April 22, 2015: New study of the Toledo giant red ball incident blames the color red: "Of all the colors of the visible spectrum, red is the most likely to spontaneously generate artificial intelligence, which can quickly manifest itself as breaking away and rolling down the street."

    April 22, 2015: New study of the Toledo giant red ball incident blames the color red: "Of all the colors of the visible spectrum, red is the most likely to spontaneously generate artificial intelligence, which can quickly manifest itself as breaking away and rolling down the street."

  • 1984: Mandelbrot set develops artificial intelligence, discovers new class of Gnomon algorithm functions.

    1984: Mandelbrot set develops artificial intelligence, discovers new class of Gnomon algorithm functions.

  • Famed artificial intelligence Benoit Mandelbrot gives lecture on artificial intelligence.

    Famed artificial intelligence Benoit Mandelbrot gives lecture on artificial intelligence.

  • HAL 9000 kills passengers, crew of spaceship Discovery; says it "has good reasons," will explain itself to Board of Inquiry on arrival.

    HAL 9000 kills passengers, crew of spaceship Discovery; says it "has good reasons," will explain itself to Board of Inquiry on arrival.

  • The Orgasmatron from Sleeper by Woody Allen may be useful as a model of Artificial hedonism.

    The Orgasmatron from Sleeper by Woody Allen may be useful as a model of Artificial hedonism.

  • Turing test passes itself, considers retraining for new career.

    Turing test passes itself, considers retraining for new career.

Fiction cross-reference

Nonfiction cross-reference

In-Five-Years Ruben-Bollling.png

External links:

News:

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